Performance of DRDA Projectc in Vizianagaram, inrespect to the Public Policy and Populist Measures

* Goteti Himabindu ** N.V.S.Suryanarayanatime of this study), there are few studies describing
In the past studies on public policy were dominatedcurrent cigarette marketing in India. This study
by researchers and students of political science whosought to assess cigarette companies' marketing
largely concentrated in the institutional structure andstrategies in Mumbai, India.
philosophical justification of government.  The focusRijo M.John (2006) studied 'Household's Tobacco
was rarely on policies themselves.  Past studiesConsumption Decisions'.  This article analyses
hardly recognized the role of organizations towardsconsumption patterns, socio-economic distribution and
the formulation of policy.  Yet, the policy is anhousehold choice of a variety of tobacco products
important element of political process.across rural and urban India. Using a multinomial logic
          It is important to understand themodel, we examine the choice behaviour of a
concept of public for a discussion in public policy. household in deciding whether and which tobacco
We often use such terms as ‘Publicproducts to consume.
Interest’, ‘Public Sector’, and ‘PublicEditorial (2009) an article on 'Socio-economic Issues in
Health’ and so on.  The strategy point is thatIndia'.   Constitutionally India is a secular state, but
public policy has to do with those spheres, which arelarge-scale violence have periodically occurred in India
so labeled as public.  Public dimension is generallysince independence. In recent decades, communal
referred to public ownership or control for publictensions and religion-based politics have become more
purpose.  The public comprises that domain ofprominent, coinciding with a rise in Islamic terrorism.
human of human activity, which is regarded as          Vannhim (2009) studied 'Gender
requiring governmental intervention or commonInequality in India'.  In this study the author opined
action.  However, there has always been a conflictthat “No nation, no society, no community can
between what is public and what is private.hold its head high and claim to be part of the civilized
          Like the idea of public, the concept ofworld if it condones the practice of discriminating
policy is not a precise term.  Policy denotes, amongagainst one half of humanity represented by
other elements, guidance for action.  It may takewomen” That was a sentence from the speech
the form of – (a) A declaration of goal; (b) Aof Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at national
declaration of course of action; (c) A declaration ofconference to oppose gender inequality in 2006, but
general purpose – and (d) An authoritativein reality this situation is becoming worse and worse,
decision.especially when the widespread practice of aborting
          Unfortunately the policy itself isfemale fetuses happens every day everywhere
something, which takes different forms.  There iswithout people’s care and strict law.
thrust to designate policy as the outputs of the1. Thus socio-economic indicators provide an
political system, and in a lesser degree to defineopportunity to understand, in general, the status of
public policy as more or less interdependent policiesan individual.
dealing with many different activities.  Studies ofThe socio-economic position helps an individual to
public policy areas, on the contrary, have intended toassert his or her position in the society.  Educational
focus on the evaluation of policy decisions in termslevels, occupational positions and income earnings do
of specified values a rational rather than a politicalinfluence the behavioral pattern of individuals.  These
analysis.achievements instill confidence individuals and
          Taken as a whole, policy may bestimulate them to take part in the societal and
defined as a purposive course of action taken orpolitical activities.  Astrictive qualities like case and
adopted by those in power in pursuit of certain goalsreligion have also a greater role to play, especially in
or objectives.  Public policies are formulated byIndian situation in determining the status of a
authorities in a political system, namely elders,person.  The lower caste status is a barrier in the
executives, legislators, judges and the like.  Theseway of an individual to achieve his or her goal.  An
are the persons who engaged in the daily affairs ofattempt would be made by the researcher to
the political system, are recognized by mostenquire into the socio-economic indicators of
members of the system as having responsibility forVizianagaram District and present on analysis of
those matters.  The actions taken by them arepopulist measures that have emerged in the course
accepted as binding most of the time by most ofof undertaking the present study.
the members so long as they act within the limits ofSocio-economic Profile of Vizianagaram District:
their roles.          No two districts can be said to be
Significance of the Study:same in terms of land, area, size of population,
          A public policy may cover a majorstrategic location, natural resources, cultural patterns,
portion of its activities, which are consistent with thesocial structures, political dynamics and economic
development policy.  Socio-economic development ordevelopment.  The Republic of India occupying the
self-reliance or similar broad principles of guidance forcentral sector of the Asian subcontinent is the
action may be adopted as a developmental policy orsub-continent of Asia and is the second most
national goal.  A public policy may be narrow,populous nation and seventh largest country of the
covering a specific activity, such as family planning. world having 439 districts.
A public policy may be applied to all people in a          Andhra Pradesh is a state of India
country or it may be limited to a section of itshaving 23 districts and Vizianagaram is a district of
people.  Besides, each level of government –Andhra Pradesh.  Andhra Pradesh is divided into four
central, state and local – may have its specific ornatural regions viz., Andhra, Rayalaseema and
general policies.  Then there are ‘megaTelengana regions.
policies’, which are general guidelines to beHistorical background:
followed by all specific policies.  Mega policies form a          The history of Vizianagaram District is
kind of master policy, as distinct from concreteconnected with hoary past of Kalinga, one of the
discrete policies, and involve the establishment ofPolitical divisions of ancient India.  Only in modern
overall goals to serve as guidelines for the larger settimes, the upper part of Kalinga was gradually
of concrete and specific policies.merged into Orissa State and the lower part into
          Public policies in modern politicalAndhra Region.
system are purposive or goal oriented statements.           After abolition of the Zamindaris in
Again, a public policy may be positive or negative in1948, Visakhapatnam district was found to be
form.  In its positive form, it may involve some formunwidely for administrative purposes.  Consequently,
of overt government action to deal with a particularSrikakulam District was carved out in 1950, bifurcating
problem.  On the other hand, in it is negative form. it from Visakhapatnam District.  The Constitution of
It involves a decision by public servants not to takeVizianagaram District in 1979, by transferring the
action on some matters on which a governmenttaluks of Parvathipuram, Kurupam, Salur, Bobbili,
order is sought.  Public policy has a legal coerciveBadangi and Cheepurupalle from Srikakulam District
quality that citizens accept as legitimate.  This legaland some taluks of Visakhapatnam, forms the latest
coercive quality of public policies makes publicdevelopment in the history of the district.
organizations distinct from the private organizations.Geographic Profile of Vizianagaram District:
          Policy making is closely related to          Vizianagaram District was formed as
decision-making.  However, it is not the same as23rd district in the State on 1st June, 1979 with
decision-making.  Policy-making does involveheadquarters at Vizianagaram in terms of
decision-making, but a decision does not necessarilyG.O.Ms.No:700/Revenue(U)Department, Dt.15th May,
constitute a policy.  Decision-making often involves1979 with portions carved from Srikakulam and
identification of a problem, a careful analysis ofVisakhapatnam District.
possible alternatives and selection of one alternative          The district is a part of the Northern
for action.  Generally decisions are taken by theCoastal plains of Andhra Pradesh State and lies
administrators in their day-to-day work within thebetween 17° - 15’ and 19° -15’ of the
distinct framework of policy.  The policy decisionsNorthern Latitude and 83° - 0’ to 83° -
eventually taken thus provide a sense of direction to45’ of the Eastern Longitude.  It is bounded on
the courses of administrative action.the East by Srikakulam District, on the West and
          Policies are distinct from goals and canSouth by Visakhapatnam District, on the South-east
be distinguished from the latter as means fromby Bay of Bengal and North-West by Orissa State.
ends.  By goals or objectives one means the ends          The District was formed with 9 taluks
towards which actions are directed.  It is reasonableviz., Viianagaram, Gajapathinagaram,
to expect that a policy indicate the direction towardsSrungavarapukota and Bhogapuram taluks from
which action is sought.  Policies involve a deliberateVisakhapatnam district, Bobbili, Parvatipuram, Salur,
choice of actions designated to achieve these goalsKurupam and Cheeprupalli from Srikakulam District. 
and objectives.  The actions can take the form ofIn December, 1979, 3 more taluks were added by
directives to do or refrain from certain action.  Publiccreating Nellimarla, Viyyampeta,  Badangi and
policy is about means and ends, which have to haveGummaLakshmipuram duly bifurcating the taluks of
a relationship to each other.  To say thatVizianagaram, Srungavarapukota, Bobbili and Kurupam
policy-making involves a choice of goals or objectivesrespectively making the total taluks to 13 and these
is to argue that it deals with values.taluks have been further subdivided into 52 Firkas. 
Statement of the Problem:For administrative convenience, the district is divided
          The present study is designed tointo 2 Revenue Divisions viz., Vizianagaram and
probe into "Performance of DRDA Projectc inParvathipuram.  In may, 1985 the taluks and firkas
Vizianagaram, inrespect to the Public Policy andwere replaced with 34 Revenue Mandals in the
Populist Measures" Policies as well as objectives areDistrict.
chosen under the influence of values. Population:
Decision-makers often act on the basis of their belief          The population of this district as per
or perceptions of the public interest concentratingthe Census Reports is – Census 1981 18.04
what is proper or morally correct public policy. StudiesLakhs, 1991 21.10 Lakhs and 2001 22.49 lakhs of
of Supreme Court indicate that judges are influencedpopulation.  This clearly indicates that gradual
by policy values in deciding cases.increase is found from one Census to Census.  The
          Policy-making must be distinguishedMale population in 1981 Census is 8.99 Lakhs, followed
from planning.  Broadly speaking a plan is aby 1991 10.55 Lakhs and 2001 11.20 Lakhs.  Whereas
programme of action for attaining definite goals orthe Female Population is in 1981 Census reported as
objectives.  In this sense, a plan is a policy9.05 Lakhs followed by 1991 Census 10.55 Lakhs and
statement and planning implies policy-making.  Oten2001 11.30 Lakhs.  From the above it can be
the goals or policies of a plan are not stipulated inconcluded that the gradual increase in population in
plan documents.  They may be stated only in a veryrespect of Female category is higher than Male
general or vague terms, or are found to be internallyPopulation. 
inconsistent or contradictory.  A national          Further, out of the total population
development plan, broadly speaking is a collection of22.49 Lakhs of this District as per report of Census
targets or individual projects which, when put2001 that Scheduled Caste population is 2,38,023
together, may not constitute an integrated scheme.(1058%).  Out of total population of Males 11.20
          Allocation of resources forLakhs, the SC Male population is 1,19,116 (10.63%),
investments and showing of targets indifferentwhere out of 11.30 Lakh Population female the SC
sectors of the economy are considered to be at theFemale is 1,18,907 (10.52%).
core of planning.  However, it has been aptly statedAgriculture:
that a plan needs proper policy framework.  Targets          The major agriculture in this district is
cannot be achieved just because investments areRice, Groundnut, Mazie, Sugar Cane, Bazra, Koraa,
provided for.  They have to be drawn within theRedgram etc.  Out of which, the major cultivation is
framework of policies.  Successful policies make forpreferred to Sugar Cane in view of the demand from
successful plans and administration.Sugar Industries in this district.  Cultivating Mesta,
          Administration involves co-operativeRice, Groundnut, Mazie are preferred by the Farmers.
effort by a number of people to achieve someThe Farmers are preferred least to cultivate Bazra,
purpose whether private or public, large or small,Korra, Redgram.
‘it consists in the systematized ordering ofLand Assigned for Agriculture Purpose:
affairs and the calculated use of resources, aimed at          Out of Ac.3512.00 land, assigned to
making those things happen which we want toScheduled Caste people Ac.745.00 (21.22%),
happen and simultaneously preventing developmentsScheduled Tribe people Ac.1042.00 (29.67%),
that fail to square with our intentions.Backward Class People Ac.1586.00 (45.16%) and
Phiffmer has defined administration ‘as theother community people Ac.139.00 cts. (3.95%).
organization and direction of human and material1. District administration in a sense comprehends a
resources to achieve, desired ends’.wide spectrum of public administration in India.
          According to Marshall E, Dimock,          District administration includes all the
‘Administration is now so vast an area that aagencies of the government, the individual officials,
philosophy of administration is come close to being afunctionaries and public servants.  It comprehends all
philosophy of life’.institutions for the management of public affairs in
          The administration process has athe district, all the corporate bodies such as
number of distinct phases such as Organization,Panchayats of different kinds, Panchayats, Municipal
Personnel, Financial, Management, Policy making,councils of every kind.  Thus district administration
Planning, Direction and Control Policy has to beprovides the principal point of contact between the
decided before anything can be attempted to becitizen and the process of government.  It is the
done.cutting edge of tool of public administration and this is
          Policy means a decision as what shallwhat constitutes its vital significance in the
be done and how, when and where.  The mostnation’s government.
common social and political usage of the term policyFactors of Development:
refers to a course of action or intended course of          Development is affected by a number
action conceived as deliberately adopted andof factors like natural resources, environment
perceived or oriented to be perceived.  A policy istechnology and economic growth, which are
concerned not only with what is (i.e., positiveinteractive and interdependent.  Environment,
principle) but also with what should be (i.e., normativeincluding natural resources like land, water, forest,
principle).  Policy is a comprehensive term andfisheries, minerals and economy comprising among
connotes a set of intended actions.  Policy is definedother things, production, consumption and distribution
as a course of action selected by the government,activities are interactive and are interdependent. 
an institution, a group or an individual amongThe report of the World Commission on Environment
alternatives in the light of given conditions to guideand Development (WCED), says our common future
and usually to determine present and futurewas the first major international initiative that
decisions.  In the words of Terry a policy is a verbal,enhanced the awareness of policy makers about the
written or implied basic guide to action that iscomplexity of relationship between environmental
adopted and followed by a manager.  Dimockproblems, economic growth and needs of people, rich
defines policies as the consciously acknowledged rulesand poor.
or conducts that guide administrative decisions.           After independence, India has
According to Koontz and D.Donnell ‘Policies areadopted the strategy of planned development as the
general statements or understandings, which guide orConstitution declared India a Democratic Socialist
channel thinking in decision making ofState having commitment to socio-economic justice
subordinates’.  The term public policy refers tothrough the democratic process and organized
the policies made and implemented by governmentplanning.  Planning is needed both at the individual,
with a view to achieve certain goals.  Public policydistrict, state and national levels.  Its need is bring
means the functioning of government.  Public policiesrealized both by socialist as well as capitalist
intend to attain definite objectives of government. countries.  In developing countries it is increasing
For instance eradication of poverty is a goal.  Ruralbeing realized that without planning it is impossible to
development, urban development and industrialhave economic development and solve nation’s
developmental policies are shaped to attain thateconomic problem on the one hand and to
broad goal.  David Eastern defines public policy asindustrialize the country on the other.  Planning is
‘Authoritative allocation values to theneeded for ending poverty and unemployment.  It is
society’.  Public policy is when the governmenta rational process of human behavior.  Planning both
actually chooses to do or not to do someat administrative, social and economic levels is
scholars’ claim to see differences betweenincreasingly occupying a important and significant
specific action and overall programme of actionplace in our social, economic and political set-up.
towards a given goal.  They insist that government          The first Five-Year Plan of (1951-52 to
action must have a goal in order to be leveled as1955-56) had a twofold objective.  It attempted to
‘policy’.  Laswell and Kaplan defined Policycorrect the disequilibrium in the economy and ensure
as ‘A projected programme or goals, values andall round balanced development.  It further aimed to
practices’.raise national income and achieve steady
1. A decision is usually taken within the frame workimprovement in the living standards over a period of
of policy that is a policy may involve a series oftime.  The plan accorded highest priority to
decisions.agriculture, including irrigation and power projects,
          The issue of implementation assumestransport and communication.
importance in the context of policy analysis as it          The Second Five-Year Plan of 1956-57
takes into account of what happens to policies in(1956-57 to 1960-61) aimed at the establishment of
terms of their actual results on the ground, as makingsocialistic pattern of society in India.  It projected to
policies is not enough but a sincere effort toachieve 25 percent increase in the national income by
implement these policies is equally important.  It isgiving priority to rapid industrialization with particular
relevant to quote Woodrow Wilson who said, ‘itemphasis on basic and heavy industries.  It
is getting harder to name a constitution than tobroadened the horizon of employment opportunities
frame one’.  Running is the implementationto reduce inequalities in income and wealth and to
aspect of government activity. achieve more even distribution of economic power.
Many implementation studies while analyzing public          The Third Five-Year Plan 1961-62
policies point out variety of factors.  Firstly different(1961-62 to 1965-66) aimed at securing marked
kinds of uncertainties often accompany programmes:advance towards self-sustaining growth and secure
Space, inputs, technology and even staff may not bean increase in the national income over 5 per cent
available at specific time and locations, impending theper annum, to increase it by about 30 percent.  It
take-off of the programmes.  Secondly, resourcesaimed to achieve the target by giving priority to
may fall short of the requirements and may not beself-sufficiency in food grains and increase in
flowing in time.  Thirdly, there are well-knownagricultural production to meet the requirement of
organization problems affecting programmesindustry and exports.  It also targeted to expand
implementation and within a department a newbasic industries like steel, chemicals, fuel and power
programme may not be welcome by all.  A newand to establish machine-building capacity for
programme may demand a new organization, whichrequirements of further industrialization.  It aimed to
takes time to take shape.  Fourthly, as experienceutilize fully the manpower resources of the country
tells, leadership makes or destroys an organizationand ensure a substantial expansion in employment
and its programmes.  Specially, when newopportunities.  It further aimed to establish
programmes are launched in any sector, leadership toprogressively greater equality of opportunities and
a large extent determents the outcome.  Fifthly,bring about reduction in disparities of income and
many government programmes cut acrosswealth and a more even distribution of economic
departments and therefore, success depends onpower.
inter departmental co-ordination.  Sixthly, under          Mid 60’s was one of the critical
‘privatization’ philosophy, governmentperiods in the history of Five-Year Plan in India. 
programmes are contracted out to third parties likeSeries of crisis left many economists to ponder over
NGOS and private agencies.  Success in that eventthe effectiveness of planning in India.  The first
would dependent on the performance of theamong the series of crisis was the Indo-Pak war of
‘outside agencies’.1965.  The was ravaged Indian economy needed
Formulation of Public Policy:some kind of a special effort by the economic
1. The whole process is indeed of two folds namely aplanners in the country.  The first two decades of
working down from the rules at the top and adevelopment planning in India saw the implementation
working up from the persons affected.of rural development programmes like community
2. They are from internal sources, from externaldevelopment projects National Extension Services,
sources, from special investigations conducted byLand Reforms and Co-operative Farming.  Although it
commission or committee and from research andwas initiated with much fund fare it did not benefit
study.the targeted groups i.e., the rural community.  In
Every administrative department receives periodic1968 the Planning Commission organized a number of
reports, returns, statements, accounts and statisticsstudies on the problems of small farmers in different
from its various sub-agencies regarding their variousareas.  The small Farmer Development Agency
activities.  These are consolidated together andScheme (SFDA) 1971 was launched with a view to
recorded by the departments and are available forprovide special preferential arrangements for the
use as data for the formulation of policy.  Whethersupply of inputs to the potentially viable small
modern emphasis on planning, statistics have becomefarmers.  During the Fourth Five-Year Plan along with
a important tool for administration.  Manythe SFDA another agency called the Marginal Farmers
departments have special machinery for the collectionand Agricultural Labourers Development Agency
of statistics relating to their activity, helpful for(MFAL) was introduced to help the sub-marginal and
policymaking.  For example in India, the ministries oflandless workers.  While SFDA covered the entire
Finance, Commerce, Industry, Food, Agriculture anddistrict, the MFAL was confined to blocks and
Labour have their own statistical sections and atahasils.  The Fourth Five-Year Plan 1969 (1969-70 to
central statistical organization attached to the cabinet1973-74) aimed at raising the standard of living of the
Secretariat National Sample Survey, The Bureau ofpeople through programmes which at the same time
Public Enterprises.  Directorate of Industrial statisticsdesigned to promote equality and social justice.  The
and various other organizations are working for thePlan laid particular emphasis on improving the
collection of information and statistics.  The data soconditions of the less privileged and weaker sections
collected are properly processed, organized andof the society especially through the provision of
interpreted to certain facts essential foremployment and education.  Efforts were also
policy-making.directed towards reduction of concentration and
          The identification of major policywider diffusion of wealth, income and economic
making organs of India is not a sure proof of theirpower.
compulsory involvement in the policymaking.  If the          The twin objectives of the Fifth Five
Prime Minister’s Office proposes a policy, it mayYear Plan 1974-79 (1974-75 to 1978-79) were the
not be thoroughly discussed and in the process,removal of poverty and the attainment of
some organs may even get completely bypassed. Self-reliance.  It envisaged 4.37 percent overall
Behind policymaking, there are much interest, manygrowth of gross domestic product, expansion of
factors, many perceptions and the map is notproductive employment, a national programme of
necessarily the same or similar even with the sameminimum needs, emphasis on agriculture, key and
or similar problems emerging again.  According tobasic industries producing goods for mass
Krishna Menon ‘Policies are seldom framed theconsumption, extended programmes of social welfare
way, we read in books.  What we read in Sir Ivorand an equitable prices.
Jennings’s works and other treaties is hardly          During the Fifth Five-Year Plan period,
observed while making policies.’the 20-Point Programme was launched on 1st July,
The Indian Context:1975 as precursor to ‘Garibi Hatao’
          Public Policies in the developing nationsprogramme to alleviate the conditions of the poorer
have acquired critical significance in view of thesections of the society.   A revised programme
complex challenges being faced by them on the onewas annulled on 14th July, 1982, which has been
hand and their propensity to effect shifts in theunder implementation from 1982-83 onwards.  The
regime on the other.  Among the new nations, Indiacoverage of the progrmme has been broadened to
has embraced upon new tasks of socialinclude a number of major areas of social concern
re-construction, economic modernization, politicalsuch as provision of safe drinking water, health
participation, welfare, providing liberty, equality andfacilities, family planning, expansion of education,
rights in the life of the millions of people.  In order toequality for women, justice to scheduled castes and
achieve these objectives the constitutions of Indiascheduled tribes.  It aimed to generate new
reiterated its commitment to welfare state with anopportunities for youth, housing for the under
emphasis on secular, socialist, federal, parliamentaryprivileged sections, enhancement of agricultural
and democratic ideologies.  Further, it has alsoproduction and productivity reduction in income
derived an institutional framework to act asinequalities, removal of social and economic disparities,
infrastructure to oversee the fulfillment of the saidraising quality of life and protection of environment.
objective.  The social, economic and political          The new 20-Point Programme of
philosophy of Indian Constitution is orchestrated in1986 prepared under the guidance of Late Prime
the Preamble, Fundamental Rights and DirectiveMinister Rajiv Gandhi in the light of experience gained
Principles of State Policy, which lays down anin the implementation of the 20-point programme of
egalitarian ideology as a part of liberal democratic1975 and 1982.  In general it aimed at and improving
constitutional order. (14)the quality of life of the people.  It is not a
          C.D.Deshmukh, the Finance Ministerdeclaration of intention but charter of emancipation
while moving a resolution on 20th December, 1954 onfor poor.
the economic situation of India observed, ‘the          The Sixth Five-Year Plan of 1980-81
broad aim of public policy is set out in the Directive(1980-81 to 1984-85) has been formulated after
Principle in the Constitution.  These are presents, thetaking into account the achievement and short
will of the nation and not the creed of any individualcomings of the past three decades of planning. 
or any party or the dogma of any section.  And soJanata Government had fixed its own targets but
long as they remain in the Constitution, they mustbefore the plan could be implemented the
govern the overall policy not only of thisgovernment went out of power and the Congress
government, but whatever government there may(I) government prepared its own plan.  The plan
be in future’. Indeed, the articulations in them areaimed at removal of poverty and to make the
the potential stuff out of which public policies at bothcountry self-reliant, though it was recognized that the
levels of government in the federal system are to betask of this magnitude could not be accomplished in a
made.  The view that the Directive Principles ofshort period of five years.  The main strategy was
State Policy are largely ornamental beingto strengthen the infrastructure for both agriculture
un-enforceable by the judiciary is not valid.  Currentand industry to create conditions for growth in
judicial thinking is that the Fundamental Rights and theinvestment, output and exports and provide through
Directive Principles are complementary to each otherspecial programmes designed for the purpose.  The
and mutually re-enforcing.  The formal provisions ofobjective of the plan document is envisaged to
the Constitution do not provide sure clues to eithercreate opportunities for employment, especially in the
the direction of public policymaking or its contents. rural areas and unorganized sector and meet the
Yet, the Socio-economic provisions of theminimum basic needs of the people.  Further, the
Constitution can be made to operate only by thedocument aimed at to achieve the objectives
political process and dynamics of the land.through the involvement of the people in formulating
          India is committed for thespecific schemes of development at the local level. 
establishment of Welfare State as has beenIt was further aimed to secure speedy and effective
reflected in the Constitution.  The basic aim of aimplementation and to attain a growth rate of 5%
Welfare State finds expression in the preamble andper annum and gross domestic product at 3.3% per
part IV of the Constitution as reflected throughannum.
Directive Principles of the State Policy.  At aims to          The Seventh Five-Year Plan 1985-86
secure all its citizens.  Justice, Liberty, Equality and(1985-86 to 1989-90) came into operation on 1.3.1985
Fraternity, Secure and Protect social orders.  A peepand covered plan period from 1985-89.  It main
into the provisions incorporated emphasis thestrategy is removal of poverty, providing social
determination of founding fathers of ourjustice, economic expansion and technological
Constitution.  It attempts to strike a balancedevelopment and bringing about a sharp reduction to
between rural development and urban planningthe rate of population growth.  It laid stress on
through well-coordinated administrative agencies.  Noagriculture by introducing land reforms, irrigation,
wonder, this determination has strengthened thedrainage and management of multiple cropping.  It
concept of Welfarism in India.  Consequently, it gavealso wanted to self-reliant industrial economy and has
rise to the concept of populist measures.  Hence,the fullest human resources development.  It
public policy analysis has to be examined from thewanted to put stress on anti-poverty programmes. 
angle albeit objectively.The main aim of the plan is to remove illiteracy,
Populist Measures:unemployment, and poverty and provide food,
          In pursuance of the provisionsclothing and shelter, health, education and other basic
enshrined in Part –IV of the Constitution, as wellamenities through Minimum Needs Programme. 
as objective conditions of Planned Development andAccording to some critics there was nothing new in
Leadership role necessitated introduction of a seriesthe strategies and programmes however, a new
of developmental programme, especially ruralhope seemed to have been created by the
developmental programmes.  It arose due toreconstitution of the Planning Commission and
competition among the political parties to retainliberalization of imports in order to give a boost to
power.  Various political parties as well as groups,development and hike the customs revenue.
which have conceived divergent social and economic1. That was far higher than the longer-term trend
policies which are both developmental and welfarerate of 3.5 percent per annum and also higher than
oriented has been termed as populist policies, whichthe average annual trend growth rate of 4.3 percent
act as important components of public policies. a year during the decade 1974-75 to 1984-85.
Different populist strategies have been persuaded by          The development of agriculture should
different political parties including the regional ones. inevitably have to be given priority.  Problems of
Populist politics is in fact, the need of the hour, Indiacrop combination perspective, land and water
is an old civilization but a new nation havingmanagement, productivity, agro-processing industries,
backwardness in many spheres.  Many feel India isbackward areas development diversification of
still ‘a nation in the making’.  India is perhapstechnology to modernize stagnant agriculture needed
the only major country whose leadership iscarefully formulated plans for solution of problems. 
determined to transform the traditional society into aIt was argued that the agricultural sector should
modern and developed one.  The political processreceive preference over the industrial sector in view
during 1970 witnessed an increased accent onof the size, nature and demographic and other
populist policies, which are either incremental in naturepeculiarities of the country.  It was believed by
or intended to pass on specific benefits to the targetmany, if India aims to enter into 21st Century, it has
groups.  At the state level also, the parties andto put emphasis on faster growth of industries.  It
groups have tended to accept populist, welfarewould help to achieve the projected target of
policies, not only as a sort of developmental strategyproviding increased employment.  A notable feature
but also recognized this as politically expedient andof the plan document was it tried to redefine the
electorally rewarding.  Series of antipovertyrole of small industries.  It emphasized for setting up
programmes of rural development such as 20-Pointor agro-industrial development in rural areas. 
Economic Programmes, SFDA, NREP, DPAP, IRDI,Through this the document aimed to achieve the goal
Jawahar Rojgar Yojana etc., have launched in orderof self-reliance.
to ameliorate the poorest of the poor.  Alternative          Human Development has been the
policy approaches to the problems of growth,ultimate goal.  The effort of the plan was directed
poverty and inequalities in the third world countriestowards achieving employment generation, population
necessitated the need not for one or two isolatedcontrol, literacy, education, health, drinking water.  In
policies but for a package of complimentary andaddition provision for adequate food and basic
supportive policies. (15)  For many less-developedinfrastructure were the other priorities.  As a
countries including India, a significant factorwelcome step, the planning process in India seeks to
contributing to persistence of low level of livingmake people’s initiative and participation a key
evolving into a culture of poverty is the highlyelement in the process of development.
unequal distribution of economic and political power  
between rich and poor.  All people have certainWorking of DRDA in Vizianagaram District:
needs without which life is inconceivable.  These,          District administration is defined as the
life-sustaining necessities include basic human needs asmanagement of public affairs within a territory
food, shelter and protection, when any one of thesemarked off for the purpose. After Independence,
is absent or in short supply, it assumes that athe District Administration was made a partner in the
condition of under development exists.development process in which the Collector emerged
          The Welfare State performs positiveas the overall agent of the State Government
functions besides acting as a policeman entrustedoccupying a cardinal position.  As the implementation
with the maintenance of law and order in short itof the development programmes, the task was
promotes human welfare.  Concept of welfareonerous calling for missionary zeal, scientific foresight
implies realizing the required socio-economic change,and all pervading spirit of selfless service.  With the
which will ultimately pave the way for the promotionintroduction of Panchayati Raju, structure had
of greatest happiness of greatest number.  Welfareemerged at the district level where the Collectors
schemes refer to guaranteed programmes intendedAssociation with the emergent system and the role
to protect citizens against economic risks andassigned under it varied from State to State.  The
insecurities.  It performs the divine rules of a father,role of Collector in development administration does
a nurse, manager and an industrial entrepreneur. not find a clear and precise definition.  Except in the
The welfare functions of a state clearly point outfields of revenue, law and order and natural
that the state in modern times has become ancalamities, his role, as a coordinator seems to be
instrument of socio economic change.  A Socialnebulous.  In recent years though the Union and
welfare state is a society with a set of governmentState Governments have launched several special
programmes that protect the minimum standards ofprojects, the Collectors face gnawing problem of
living of families and individuals against loss of incomeinter-sector transfer of funds. 
due to economic instability, old age illness and disability          The execution of Five-Year Plans for
and family disintegration.  All modern welfare statesrural development is ultimately the responsibility of
through the details of their programmes differ inthe District Administration, where in the District
providing social welfare measures to their citizens.Collector plays a key role.  Originally, he was in
          Social Welfare and its manifestationscharge of collection of revenue, and then he was
in the forms of social service, welfare and itsentrusted with administrative and some judicial
manifestations in the forms of social service, socialresponsibilities for maintaining law and order.  Now he
reform, social security etc., have come to beis also responsible for the development work in his
prominently used in the twentieth century. district.  There is no limit to what a District
However, social welfare in its rudimentary form didMagistrate can get close so it is felt that it is too
exist over in punitive societies in the desire of peoplemuch to load him with developmental work.  The
to help one another on times of need and stress,task of implementing development programmes is
which deeply ingrained in the human nature. very difficult and time consuming.  It required
Moreover all the religions of the world enjoin uponpatience, tack, dedication and vision.  So, it requires
their devotees and followers to practice compassiona specialized cadre of men and women who should
and exhibit concern for their fellow beings especiallyhave dedicated their lives to developmental work.
for those in distress and deprivation and to help them          To reduce the burden of Collector of
by giving a portion of their earnings in charity.  Thussupervising developmental work, the developmental
through the ages and in all parts of the world, thefunctions of Collector were vested in the name of
humanitarian impulses have marked the beginning of‘Project Officer’ to lookafter ITDA Projects
social welfare.for implementation in Tribal Agency areas and in plains
Andrews, Rhys and others (2009) studiedthe responsibilities have to be given to the respective
'Centralization, Organizational Strategy, and Publicdepartments.  It was ultimately decided to set one
Service Performance'.  One of the core functions forsingle integrated organization.  The task of the
public managers is the creation of appropriateorganization was to oversee and effectively
structures that can provide system stability andimplement poverty alleviation programme. 
institutional support for a host of other internalConsequently District Rural Development Agency
organizational elements, such as values and routines.(DRDA) was set up in 1980, with Collector as the
Anne Stevens (2009) studied RepresentativeChairperson. 
Bureaucracy - What, Why and How?.  Issues of          While analyzing the function of DRDA
representation have become increasingly salient init can be point out that the overall charge of the
European countries with attempts to findplanning implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
mechanisms to increase the representation ofall anti-poverty programmes in the district can be
women, including various types of quota and paritydivided into broad areas.  Firstly, to keep the district
legislation. This article examines the extension of theand Mandal agencies informed of the basic
idea to bureaucracies.parameters and the requirements of the programmes
Chris Game (2009) studied Just over 100 years ago,and the task to be performed by all these agencies. 
5 pioneering women and 1 quite exceptional oneSecondly, to coordinate and oversee the surveys,
became the first legitimately elected femalepreparation of prospective plans and annual plan of
members of English county and county boroughthe blocks and finally prepare a district plan.  Thirdly
councils. While obviously important, the Qualification ofto monitor and evaluate the programmes
Women Act 1907 that enabled their election was farimplementation by government and governmental
from the only one to have influenced women'sagencies to ensure its effectiveness.  Fourthly to
electoral involvement in local government.secure inter-sectoral and inter departmental
Craig R.Smith (2009) studied on 'Institutionalco-ordination and co-operation.  Fifthly, to give
determinants of Collaboration: an empirical Study ofpublicity of the achievements made under the
County Open-space Protection (Survey).  In thisprograms and disseminate knowledge and build up
article the author attempted to add to thisawareness about the programmes.  Sixthly to send
burgeoning literature by arguing that institutions areperiodical returns to the state government in the
an important component of collaboration becauseprescribed formats.  Coming to the functions of
they signal to potential collaborative partners a policyDRDA in Vizianagaram District it can be had the clear
commitment by the government. In crediblypicture and to assess the analysis of the anti-poverty
committing to a policy, governments can reduceprogrammes of rural Development, which are
uncertainty and gain cooperation without necessarilyimplemented in this district.
building trust via managerial behavior.BRGF (Grameena Rojgar Yojana):
Dr.Pantricia Hamilton & Dr.Rosalyn Proops (2008)          The funds under this scheme in
opined that Professionals are well aware of the2007-08 under 11th Plan period have been released
difficult decisions they face. On the one hand,under the approval by the High-Power Committee of
returning an abused child to abusive parents mayBRGF Planning.  The aim of this scheme is to meant
literally be a matter of life and death; on the other,to eradicate the disparity regional developments and
parents who lose their children feel devastated.provide funds where there is deficiency to meet the
Money (ed.) (2009) studied 'Two Populist Measuresexecutions for developmental activities.  In this
save Lalu a dull day'.  This article disclosed thatscheme 50%, 30% and 20% grants have been
When Lalu Yadav walked out this morning to presentallocated to Gram Panchayats, Mandal Prajaparishads
the interim Railway Budget for the last time in theand Zillah Praja Parishads and four Municipalities
tenure of the United Progressive Alliance, anybodyrespectively.
would have expected him to not only come out withFashion Technology Project:
impressive statistics of the Railways’ scorecard          The Fashion Technology Project 
but also balance profitability and populist measuresunder Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarajgar Yojana
with his characteristic élan — and not without aScheme is started by the Government of India under
keen eye on the upcoming Parliamentary polls.the SGSY –II Scheme to enhance the additional
          Peter Riddel (2007) opined on 'Lost ofincome to the Self-employment Societies.  To meet
Populist Measures but little sense of an overallthe objective of this scheme has been estimated to
strategy'.  The Conservatives are in two mindsa tune of Rs.1215.32 Lakhs.  Out of which an amount
about an early election. In one sense, they do notof Rs.218.02 Lakhs being the first phase and  the
want one, since every spokesman and MP to whomGovernment of India and Rs.72.67 as its share to
the author accepted that the party could not winbare the expenditure under this scheme.  The
outright and almost certainly could not become thescheme will be continued for three years i.e., from
largest single party.October, 2006 to September, 2010.  Accordingly, for
Prof.Gray King, Department of Government, Harvardabout 7000 Self-financed groups will be given training
University (2009) studied 'Political Analysis' that 'TheEmbroidery, Garments Clothes preparation.  In the
relatively new field of political methodology is growingfirst phase an amount of Rs.86.00 Lakhs was spent
exponentially; is improving empirical work in everyfor four months training to the Instructors in NIFT
field of the discipline; and is even making majorInstitute i.e., 30 Women trained in advanced garment
contributions to empirical and methodologicalproduction, 40 Women trained in preparation of
scholarship well outside the diffuse borders of politicalSurface Armamentation.  The District Rural
science. Political Analysis chronicles these excitingDevelopment Agency has procured the necessary
developments by publishing the most sophisticatedmachines and tools from East Godavary District with
scholarship in the field.reasonable rates.  The DRDA make efforts through
Sabina Siebert (2009) studied 'Gender Balance inthis scheme, 780 members after completion of their
Scottish Local Authority Councils'.  Women make uptraining have already been recruited in various
over 40 per cent of community councilors inGarment Industries and still 680 members are going
Scotland, however, evidence suggests that they areto be completed within the next couple of months. 
less likely to progress to local authority councils. ThisFurther, DRDA has provided 300 Machines in TTDC
article investigates the barriers to wider engagementand Mahilapranganam, 150 machines in Nellimarla,
of women in participative democracy, and based onGarividi, Cheepurupalli and 100 Machines in S.Kota
the analysis of empirical data suggests some ways ofMandals for the purpose of training the unemployed
promoting a more equitable gender representation inWomen.  The DRDA make necessary arrangements
Scottish local authority councils.to train the unemployed Women of 300 members in
Sir Rodney Brooke (2008) examined 'The PublicBobbili Mahilapranganam, Dwakra Bazar, Vizianagaram
Needs Confidence in Family Courts'.  He reportedin Surface Armamentation. (Source: DRDA,
that that social workers are not accountable for theirVizianagaram District).
actions is not correct. As your article states, socialA.P.Housing Board Limited:
workers have been required to register with the          During 2007-2008 under the I.A.Y
General Social Care Council (GSCC) since 2005. In(Indira Avasa Yojana) Scheme is sanctioned for
registering, they sign up to a code of practice thatRs.1080.75 Lakhs provided to 4,323 Schedule Caste
sets out the standards they must work to. Theand Scheduled Tribe community peoples have
great majority of the 93,000 registered socialbenefitted.  Accordingly, 4,174 dwelling houses have
workers provide excellent services to high standards.been constructed and completed and an amount of
AFP South Asian Edition (2009) Article on 'PopulismRs.939.15 has been spent for this purpose in all 34
Pips Economc Price on India's Pool Trial'.  The Editorialmandals in Vizianagaram District.
disclosed that Four years of soaring growth is aPrime Minister Gram Shadak Yojana Welfare
record most governments would trumpet from theActivities:
rooftops at election time, but India's ruling party is          The objective of the scheme is to
giving the subject a wide berth ahead of this week'sprovide better transportation facilities connecting to
polls.National High Way Roads.  Accordingly priority was
CJ:Abhishek Behl (2008)KEEPING IN mind the generalgiven for development of road facilities in all the rural
elections next year, Railway minister Lalu Prasadareas.  The total road formation works were taken
Yadav today presented a populist Rail Budgetplace 203.38 Kms. in this district and an amount of
offering reduction in train fares, a slew of new trainsRs.2867.04 Lakhs have been made being expenditure.
and concessions and a provision for special trains toIntegrated Waste Land Development Programme
cater to the needs of Indian masses.(IWDP):
Subramanian, Narendra (2007) studied 'Populism in          The IWD Programme was introduced
India'.  Populist political forces have played significantduring 1999-2000 with an object to utilize the waste
roles in Indian politics, and have varied in their visionlands for cultivation purpose.  Under this scheme
of political community, in the social groups theyRs.2670.00 Lakhs has been allocated from 1999 –
targeted, in the policies they pursued, and in their2000 to 2006 – 2007 so as to utilize the 48500
impact on democracy. The Indian National CongressHectares of land spread over all 34 Mandals in
had populist aspects in the interwar period, and thenVizianagaram.  Accordingly, an amount of Rs.1640.76
again under Indira Gandhi's leadership from the lateLakhs (61.45%) was spent for the development of
1960s to the late 1970s. Movements and parties that31416 (64.77%) Hectares of waste land was taken
represented particular language and caste groups alsofor use of agriculture purpose.
employed populist rhetoric and methods ofMicro Irrigation Development Programmes:
mobilization, and pursued populist policies.          As per the policy of A.P., State
Sudheendra Kulkarni (2009) made on 'Why India isGovernment that Electrical Motors/Diesel Engines will
turning to Populism'.  Not being an expert inbe supplied to the farmers with 70% subsidy for the
etymology, He opined that he do not know how thepurpose of Drip Irrigation.  Accordingly, Rs.50,000/-
word ‘populism’ originated. However, keento each farmer family is eligible to purchase the
observers of and participants in the discourse onwater machines.  Where, SC and ST community
India’s political economy know thatfarmers may be allowed to pay 10% of the loan
‘populism’ has travelled an interestingbeing their subscription and 20% per cent being
journey in our country. From being reviled asmargin money will be met by the respective SC/ST
‘bad economics’ since the advent ofCorporation and the rest of money will be provided
liberalization in the early 1990s by a section of thebeing loan to each farmer.  Accordingly, 1617 Farmer
intelligentsia that had embraced the credo ‘Westfamilies are utilizing the above facility for the use of
is Best’, it has now been honourably enshrined as3154 hectares of land in this district under Micro
an indispensable part of ‘good politics’ byIrrigation Development programme.
mainstream political parties.Drinking Water Supply in Rural area under ARSWS
The Republic of India is a large country with aScheme:
population of over one billion people spread over 3.28          According to DRDA statistical
million sq. km. It has a federal structure of 35 statesinformation that out of 2874 villages in  Vizianagaram
and union territories divided into nearly 600 districts.district drinking water was provided to 1600 (55.67%)
India has 32 different languages and numerousvillages and the rest of 1274 (44.33%) villages are
dialects. In the 19th century, Britain had assumedyet to be provided drinking water.
political control of virtually all Indian lands. By 1947 theA.P. NEDCAP:
people of India declared their independence.  India is          The objective of this scheme is to
located in Southern Asia, bordering Burma, Bhutan,implement and development of Bio-gas Plants and
China, Nepal and Bangladesh along the Arabian Seatheir proper utilization so as to saving the Coal,
and the Bay of Bengal. India has a diverse landscapePetroleum, wood and such other natural resources
with flat to rolling plains along the Ganges River,utilization particularly in rural areas and to protect the
deserts in the west and the Himalaya mountain rangehealth of rural female.  This scheme is meant for low
in the north.  The nationality of India is Indian withcategory farmers as well as Scheduled Caste and
ethnic groups of Indo-Aryan comprising 72% of theScheduled Tribe farmers.  Out of the cost of a
population with Dravidian groups comprising 25%, andBio-gas plant unit of Rs.9750/-, an amount of Rs.5500
Mongoloid and others comprise the remaining 3%.- is given to each farmer being the subsidy and the
Languages include Hindi as the national language whichrest of the amount has to be borne by the farmer
is the primary tongue of 30% of the population.being the loan subject to repay the same to the
There are 14 other official languages with Englishgovernment in an easy instalment basis.  As per the
being spoken in business and political circles. NEDCAP, Vizianagaram 500 units have been provided
According to the United Nations, country-specificand Rs.48.75 lakhs was accorded to that extent. 
poverty lines are generally used due to variationsOut of which 27.50 lakhs was given being subsidy and
between countries and is affected by local tastesRs.21.25 lakhs being the share of the individual.
and cultural norms. However, definitions are notGRAM PANCHAYATS:
particularly sensitive to more qualitative needs such          The basic assessment of a
as health care, housing and education. According tonation’s development is depending on Village in all
the ADB, in 1999 India had 26.1% of its populationaspects.  Keeping this into consideration, the grants
below the national poverty line with 27.1%have been released to the Gram Panchayats to meet
represented in rural areas and 23.6% in urban areas. the developmental activities in the respective villages
India's economy encompasses traditional villagein Vizianagaram District.  Out of the total grants of
farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts and a wideRs.14.35 lakhs released by the Government of India,
range of modern industries and support services.an amount of Rs.13.06 lakhs (91%) was spent. 
India is a major exporter of software services andFurther, an amount of Rs.10.37 lakhs (79.4%) for
workers.Sanitation, Rs.2.67 (20.44%) for Drinking Water and
Economic growth slowed in 2002, largely due to aRs.0.02 Lakhs (0.153%) for other purpose was spent.
drought-induced drop in agriculture. The industrySARVA SIKSHA ABHIYAN (SSA):
sector showed increases, which is expected to          Rajiv Vidya Mission (SSA) Scheme
continue in FY2003 and should lead to a moderatefunctioning in this district is to provide necessary
revival in GDP growth. Assuming normal monsoonfacilities to the Schools in Rural and Urban localities so
conditions, the economy is projected to grow by 6%as to attain the national objective that to provide
in FY2003 with agriculture and services increasing on‘education for all’ as the Constitution
average. Exports are expected to increase at overslogan  to provide education to all the children upto
15% in 2003, based on increasing world demand.14 years.  During Academic Year 2006 -2007, an
Inflation will likely remain moderate at approximatelyamount of Rs.1249.99 Lakhs was provided for the
5%. The fiscal deficit is expected to remain at theconstruction of 540 additional classrooms.  Out of
average level of 9.5% of GDP during FY2003.  Grosswhich 363 classrooms constructed and the
Domestic Product (GDP) growth averagedexpenditure to a tune of Rs.1140.92 lakhs was made
approximately 6% throughout the 1990s, however, itand the additional amount of Rs.109.07 lakhs is still
decreased to an average of 5% for FY2000 andneeded to meet the construction of remain 177
FY2001. During FY2002 (ending March 31, 2003) GDPclassrooms.
growth was approximately 4.4%. The general decline          During the financial year 2007-2008,
in GDP growth over the years is primarily attributablean amount of Rs.806.20 lakhs was estimated being
to a decrease in the service sectors growth andthe expenditure for the construction of 278
from external effects such as a global recession,classrooms to provided to the needy schools in rural
drought, the impact of the government's large fiscaland urban localities.  Accordingly the Director of Rajiv
deficit and slow progress of reforms in certainVidya Mission, Government of A.P., has accorded to
sectors. The Asian Development Bank forecasts astart the execution.  However, 150 classroom
6.3% growth in GDP in the FY2003 with agricultureconstructions was executed with an amount of
and services increasing on average. Rs.297.25 lakhs being grant released and Rs.508.95
GDP stood at approximately US$2.66 trillion in 2002lakhs is yet to be released to complete the remaining
of which agriculture comprised 25%, while128 classrooms construction in respective schools in
manufacturing and trade comprised 29.7%.  Thethis district.
Government provides welfare schemes for the social          The SSA has also accorded for
services sector and over the past 10 years hasRs.7.20 lakhs for providing minimum facilities in urban
increased the budgeted amount four-fold for welfareareas i.e., providing drinking water, 18 constructions of
schemes for Scheduled Castes, Other BackwardLavatories etc.  According to SSA 6 Lavotories have
Classes and minorities as well as welfare andbeen constructed with provision of safety drinking
development of scheduled tribes. The Governmentwater in 4 schools with a cost of Rs.11.50 lakhs and
also provides separate allocations for People withthe rest of 12 lavatories construction is under
Disabilities (PWDS) under separate schemes. Basedprogress.
on the Government' economic survey conducted for          The objective of SSA is to provide
outlays for the social sector for the fiscal year 2000,‘Education for All’.  Accordingly to provided
rural development, employment and povertyeducation 2617 children between 6 – 8 years
alleviation encompassed the largest share of socialage.  The SSA has also spent an amount of
welfare schemes at 42% of total expenditures in theRs.22,00,900/- during 2007-2008 being remuneration
social sector.  According to the World Healthpaid to the 183 Para Teachers paid at the rate of
Organization (WHO), the life expectancy at birth wasRs.1500/- each per month.
60 years for males and 61.7 for females. It is          The Home based Education Scheme is
estimated by the WHO that as of 1992 there werealso introduced by SSA during 2007-2008 so as to
48 and 45 physicians and nurses, respectively forprovide education to 288 physically handicapped
every 100,000 people living in India.  Totalchildren at their residence and 20 mandal resource
expenditures on health as a percentage of GDP inpersons are engaged at an amount of Rs.5000/- p.m.
2000 was 4.9% according to the WHO, while generalbeing remuneration.
government expenditures on health as a percentage          Similarly, the SSA, Vizianagaram has
of total general government expenditures in 2000also provided Rs.44,44,502/- during 2006-2007 for 39
was 5.3%.  The WHO estimates that 3.9 millionBridge Courses to be provided to the Child Labour
people were living with HIV/AIDS in 2000, while thereeducation so as to meet the constitutional objective.
were 350,000 deaths related to HIV/AIDS in the 15 
to 49 year old population in the same time period. 
The total estimated adult prevalence rate was 0.8%CONCLUSIONS:
of the total population.According to Subramanian, Narendra (2007) Populist
Bansal, R;John,S and Ling PM (2005) made an articlepolitical forces have played significant roles in Indian
on 'Cigarette Advertising in Mumbai, India: Targetingpolitics, and have varied in their vision of political
different Socio-economic groups, Women andcommunity, in the social groups they targeted, in the
Yough'.   policies they pursued, and in their impact on
Despite a recent surge in tobacco advertising and thedemocracy.
recent advertising ban (pending enforcement at the